Kindly check out my latest work. A timely book on the information technology revolution and Africa. Just released.
Impacts of the Knowledge Society on Economic and Social Growth in Africa (9781466658448): Lloyd G. Adu Amoah: Books | IGI Global
Wednesday, 9 April 2014
Wednesday, 5 March 2014
Ghana@57-A Patriot's Reflections
I have not been blogging for a while. But today I return to this undertaking on my country's 57th Independence(Chinweizu prefers the description "self rule"; and he is right for Ghana like all African countries have yet to be quite independent in the real sense of the word) anniversary.
I slept early yesterday. Part of my ritual so as a scholar I can work at dawn. But I had gone to bed with Accra's rather dry spell of waterlessness on my mind. I had heard that the taps were flowing during the day; the assurances of a contact at the GWCL gave some hope however dim. When I turned the taps on I was greeted by a farty flow of wind. My contact asked that I try again late at night. So I woke up at mid-night and the taps were flowing. That meant work. Storing water in receptacles lest the gods of the taps in their tyranny recede back to their plush redoubts to return a week hence. So here I was spending a good close to two hours on this chore; my books and laptop and articles relegated to waiting. And all this on Ghana's 57th anniversary. Water has became a luxury in a land awash with this liquid. In my parents house in Ashale-Botwe the taps have been dry for well close to two decades. I wonder why we fix taps in Ghana at all. Those who have run this country have conspired to author a perverted spatial calculus in which the greater one's distance from the official waterworks(Weija and Kpong) the greater one's water supply woes. Here in Accra people actually drink water not even fit for wild beasts. What happened to our country that has left my generation to reap the fiery whirlwinds of the failures of those who came before us?
In just three years two generations will have arisen in this Republic since independence. Countries in Asia have overcome their poverty and shame in less than a generation. It seems we wasted our generations. New China emerged in 1949. It bore the burdens good and bad of a 4000 year civilization. China had to confront the schemes of Western and Japanese imperialism. By 1990(51 years later) China had emerged from the ashes. I have been reading a fascinating book that traces the intellectual architecture of one of Singapore's leading statesmen Goh Keng Swee. He made profound statements. One is this view in a speech he gave in 1960 titled " This is how we spend your money":
" a government is judged not so much by its expressions of good intentions but by its concrete achievements in the way of economic prosperity and public welfare."
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| Changi Airport Street- the signs of the brilliant minds that built Singapore in evidence |
On that score our lot in Ghana is one of misery except for those who gloat in comparing our existence with the most wretched of the earth. While those in government and access to power are fixated on expanding their girths and grabbing all the material goodies in the world they have left the rest of us to a hellish fate. The doctor-patient ratio is a harrowing 1: 15, 292. Beyond simple diseases we all sentenced to death unless one can find the means to approach the Northern hemisphere and now increasingly Asia. Ghana has no power literally. Today when the lights go off and return one does not hear that joyous uproar wafting from homes as it used to be in the past: the citizen harried and dribbled by fork and glib-tongued politicos has developed an understandable cynicism almost bordering on self resignation. Education has become the politician's electioneering play toy; to be toyed with to garner votes from an ostensibly hopelessly stupid voter. Even the internet age has passed us by it will seem. Our internet speeds are pathetic making work by scholars and other professionals(and the ordinary citizen) pure tedium; and they do not come cheap! In all this I remember when Ghana was 40. That was 17 years ago. As always we shot the breeze. I bet my last bottom pesewa that short of a miracle we will blow the time by the time we 60-our record is clear.
I return to Goh again. The strategic economic mind he reflects on Singapore's advantages as it begun the ardous task of nation building :
" our central geographical position, our banking services, our port, our stable currency,easy exchange rate control regulations, ample supplies of power and water, cheap land, low building cost..."
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| The port of Singapore yonder |
I visited Singapore last year. For me it was a policy education trip to see the country I have studied very closely. Ghana had and still has such advantages Goh referred to and more. We have begun to lose some(certainly for power and water we are goners). The cedi is chaffy; a very pale shadow of its former self some very long decades ago.Certainly our current forex regime is darn primitive. The banks are recording manually in those fat ugly books forex transactions over the counter. Our policymakers never heard of transaction costs of neo-classical economics(and even heterodox economics) and the need to reduce same as stringently as possible. Singapore has one port. We have two. We can create more(the Boankra inland port is a case in point). What have we done with all of the advantages we had some of which we are beginning to lose? And where do we go from here?
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| Singapore skyline: "it is glorious to be rich" |
As it stands we are in many ways still a toddling colony content as we are with paltry handouts from others. Senior government officials have made this beggary central to their discourse. Not yet Uhuru it seems. One thing is positive though. By sweat, blood and toil we have forged for ourselves an intelligent framework for changing governments periodically. This process must justify itself or become a fetid ritual. This process must deliver for us patriotic leaders who will make not a difference but the difference.
I return to Goh finally:
"There are no benevolent foreigners knocking around the world anxious to discharge these duties and responsibilities which are rightly our own. Let us not face the economic problems in the era of freedom with the mental attitudes appropriate to colonial servitude. Let us never forget that self-government is not possible without self-reliance. This is true both in politics as well as economics."
I will return to another anniversary reflection in 2017. Still I love this country warts and all for it bears my umbilical cord and the bones of my great ancestors! Happy Anniversary Mother Ghana!
Sunday, 28 July 2013
MULTILOGUE: mind and matter: MULTILOGUE: mind and matter: OKoh and why Oko must go!
Friday, 26 July 2013
MULTILOGUE: mind and matter: OKoh and why Oko must go!
MULTILOGUE: mind and matter: OKoh and why Oko must go!: Let Freedom and Justice Reign in Ghana! I have not blogged in a long time. Recent events have however created enough psychic dissonan...
OKoh and why Oko must go!
| Let Freedom and Justice Reign in Ghana! |
I have not blogged in a long time. Recent events have however created enough psychic dissonance for me to write again especially the fiasco surrounding the renaming, unnaming and renaming(a very untidy process obviously) of the Madam Okoh rectangular hockey patch. I must indicate some disclaimers as I make my points on this matter. I am a scholar by profession and vocation.I am not a politician( in truth there is nothing necessarily ignoble about being one ) even though I am deeply interested in power and who(and which groups) wield it and to what ends. I am not a sleight of hand purveyor of public displays of righteous indignation on matters of state in order to endear myself to any group of politicos so tomorrow I will get a post and drive some humongous, pitch black four wheeler bought, fueled and maintained by taxpayers money.To be sure this has been the path plodded by some individuals in government today. I am perfectly satisfied and content with my hard earned resources derived from gritty, back breaking honest labor shorn of the exploitation of my fellow ordinary compatriots.
My interest in inspiring public support for the Accra Metropolitan Authority boss to leave office is born out of my belief that civic Ghana must work again. Any close watcher of events in our Republic would have noticed since 1992 the emergence of the petulant, pompous, arrogant, show boating. swashbuckling politician who does not tolerate critique and is given to acting in a manner aimed at constantly insulting the intelligence of his or her fellow citizens. This breed of politician has fed off the poisonous substrate undergirding a national discourse in which shallow and narrow political interest is the only legal tender. Under these circumstances the supreme national interest has essentially been orphaned and with it the everyday questions of life and survival of ordinary folk.The Madam Okoh Affair is the latest most gruesome reflection of the banality of such a posture.Who then speaks or must speak for the future, welfare and progress of our Republic beyond the self serving confines of usually jaded partisanship? Civic Ghana of course. I draw a clear distinction between civil society(here focusing on NGOs and think-tanks) in Ghana and civic Ghana in this regard. The former has become too smug in its repetitive cycle of proposals- donor funding-research-dissemination-communiques-workshops to be counted upon to deal frontally and viscerally with the concrete conditions of Ghanaians( of course they have played a useful role thus far). Civic Ghana implies the exercise of active citizenship(all citizens rich and poor, educated or not) propped by vigilance and the national interest in ensuring that the public good is protected and pursued by especially officers of state. The point here is to give meaning to the I992 constitution when it asserts that the sovereignty of our Republic lies with her citizens and that public officials elected or otherwise serve at our sufferance.
Civic Ghana has a long tradition in our country. One recalls here the incomparable John Mensah Sarbah without whom Mr. Vanderpuye will not have had the land to stand on to dream let alone effect a name change.Mrs Okoh herself belongs to that tradition of selfless devotion to the Republic not for personal pecuniary gain.Public-spiritedness, decency and the common good has inspired such national heroes and heroines . These were the noble ideals upon which our Republic was founded and which animated the genius of some of her greatest minds some of whom walked the streets of Accra. Civic Ghana has made it self heard loud and clear over the Madam Okoh Affair. It is clear the AMA boss has pushed his shtick too far. His one man orchestra is sounding malevolently discordant. History offers the president of our Republic a rare opportunity to restore confidence, hope and trust in our public officers and institutions. Mr. Vanderpuye's continued presence will constitute an insult to Ghanaians and the failure of the chief of state to exercise presidential power in the interest of the public good. Accra needs a new leader who will be dreaming and building a new Accra and not raising the blood pressure of a senior citizen whose only crime was to have served her country with distinction in designing the national flag and promoting hockey as a sport.
I have lived in Accra since I was four years old. I learnt the Ga language at the feet of unforgettable Ga teachers as a toddler. I have lived in virtually every part of Accra on the compass. I have lived in some of its most exclusive neighbourhoods and played in some of its grimiest. The smell of Accra lives in my nostrils. The taste of her kelewele is locked on my palate. The sound of Wolomeii bangs in my ears and the magic of kpanglogo dancers always lifts my spirit. I feel Accra in my very bones.Today our number one city exposes our shame to the world. It does not bespeak the greatness, the rich history and the confounding possibilities that beckon. Accra must rise out of the ashes, proud and self confident and shine again as the heart beat of the great continent of Africa. Can we not build for ourselves an Accra of green, verdant parks, bicycle lanes,reliable, comfortable public transport, public libraries brimming with books, decent housing and hospitals for all; an Accra where all citizens of Ghana can play, live, work and die in peace? Is Mr. Vanderpuye the man who can inspire us to march towards this constructable Nirvana?? Over to you Mr. President. Civic Ghana and history is watching.
Tuesday, 30 April 2013
NO ONE BE LIKE YOU!!!
Those were simply magical
moments in Morning Star School nestled as it was in one of Ghana's prime-if not
most prime- neighbourhoods in the capital Accra: Cantonments. The notable
Ghanaian scholar Prof. Ato Quayson(my mentor and friend) informs us that that
area stretching from the Osu,Oxford Street(of which he is the foremost
chronicler and interpreter in contemporary times) right up to Cantonments was
the pristine no-go area of imperial power in the Gold Coast(his latest book on
this is a must read for those interested in Ghana’s urban history) . Ghana’s
new elites spatially and symbolically took over that expanse of territory
according to Quayson . In a sense then it is just as well that one of Ghana’s
most premier elite private prep schools will find a home in that setting.
Those magical moments were
popular in the sociological sense of the word. It was all about the so-called
sport of the masses: football. The Morning Star of my era in the 1980s was
simply mad about it. It was all about the intense competition, the magical talents, the
fame(no fortune of course) and the feisty admiration of nubile ladies.
Inter-class football competitions captured the attention of all. Our founder
Mrs. Esme Siriboe(lie in peace always) was prescient enough to leave this
fairly large, sandy field right in the middle of the school. Today’s prep
schools seem all covered with concrete and I bristle at my son’s failure to
taste some sand while at play. This field took on a unique make-up during these
tourneys: improvised goal posts made of wood and strings popped up and the
perimeters and soccer pitch markings traced out with some powdery substance. Ceremony
attended the start of each match. The teams will troop onto the field led by
their various captains(it was a privilege to captain a team; one was chosen
democratically by one’s classmates; I was captain for the seven years I played
in that competition) to the uproarious cheer of a raucous crowd; there was the
tossing of the coin and the lucky side will choose their preferred side of the field
and then the referee’s whistle will start proceedings.
It was in this unforgettable
milieu of our childhood that Ebenezer Saka Amoako’s inimitable character will
leave its stamp on us all. I was his classmate from class one to class seven.
Once in a crucial inter-classes match he left the goal-post(in the heat of
proceedings) he was tending because we were excoriating him for some bad judgments.
He was always his own man very early. It probably was all in his genes. He was
one of the sons of one of Ghana’s prominent entrepreneurs (until Rawlings’ inferno
that left Ghana at the very best half cooked and scalded and all but
incinerated the business sector) back in the day: Amoako Leather Works. He grew
tall very early and cut a strapping, well built and handsome figure in our
class. Uniquely his temper was not sharp and I hardly saw him in those
childhood scrapes in the most obscure corners of the compound beyond the
teachers’ gaze where Don King pretenders ruled.
Academic work seemed to be a
formality to be endured. He seemed destined for business. He became a business
man as usual doing his thing beyond the sometimes stultifying demands of
routine and form. Here was a free spirit whose laughter raspy and throaty and
full still fills my ears and staunches the pain as I write this eulogy to the
first of the 1986 year group of Morning Star to have gone to sleep. We were
very close and we had our moments. He will make those clandestine runs to the waakye(a very tasteful rice and beans West African dish)seller we had been forbidden to go near and for good reason. The kindly waakye seller's location was out of the school’s gates and heaved with cars and potential evils of all sorts.
When electronic watches became all the rage Saka turned himself into the one to
hire watches from. He always had some funny term or phrase on offer all stamped
with his idiosyncracies. One was: "whatz happ’nin." He would say this with an
exaggerated American twang and in rapid fire bursts. Saka was just simply fun
loving. Once our teachers were having a meeting and asked us the seniors to
keep some order in the classrooms. I was with him when we went to Mrs. Abdulai’s
class. The class 2 pupils sat there at the mercy of our superintendence. Saka
moved to the front of the class and straight to the blackboard. I knew there
was going to be drama. He took a piece of chalk almost solemnly but what
followed was just the opposite: he asked the poor pupils to find the square
root of their posterior orifice! If it were today he might have found himself
before the bar of child abuse. That was Saka at his mischievous best.
Thursday, 18 April 2013
LET THE LIGHTS FLASH!!!!!!!
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| Oil painting of John Mensah Sarbah, Esq |
The Ghanaian Supreme Court in a historic case was attempting to shield
itself from the glare of light both literal and metaphorical in the age of
light(the cyberage). But really who can? The metaphorical case for letting in
the cameras has been made already. The Supreme Court of Ghana is the people's
court; owned by the citizens of this our Republic. Today it is not a
complicated undertaking to beam sound and images live to our tv, phone and pc screens. It is
just as well the Supreme Court saw reason and seized that rare historical
moment. It risked to my mind eternal historical opprobrium if it had been
indelicately obstinate about this; a far more politically charged and even
volatile Kenya had allowed the cameras in and not imploded. This shame would
have been Ghana's shame as well; the lode star of this great continent would
have lost its way.
I had visited the Supreme Court once in my early twenties.
There was no case in session. It was a visit driven by curiosity and a love of
my country. I just wanted to see where all of those major cases which have
tended to affect the very minutiae of our existence were heard and argued. Even in its quiet repose then shorn of any activity it had an overwhelming aura about it; a certain almost arrogant serenity that was at once infectious and repulsive. Here one remembers the intellectually razor sharp J.B. Danquah and his nephew Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo who is a very interested petitioner in the case at hand, And before them the pioneering role played by the incomparable John Mensah Sarbah(1854-1910)(the first Ghanaian barrister) for Ghanaian thought, independence, legal profession and jurisprudence. It must not be forgotten ever that it was the law in the hands of Sarbah and his enlightened logic which prevented the infamous Lands Bill of 1897 from becoming law. This invidious bill had sought by a clever artifice to vest under section 3 "all waste-land and all forest-land in the colony" " in the Crown for the use of the Government of the colony." Sarbah's response is worth quoting in full here:
I am specially instructed to say that this Lands Bill is an elaborate and expanded form of the Crown Lands Bill of 1894. That Bill refers only to what is termed waste land and forest land whereas this Bill refers to the whole land of this country, depriving the aborigines of their right in the soil of their land.(Azu-Crabbe,1971)
Sarbah had saved the Gold Coast and Ghana that great land question that other African countries are still grappling with today.
Again I cannot resist to quote the Gold Coast Leader on Sarbah in Azu-Crabbe(1971: 2)
As a lawyer of more than twenty years's standing, we know of no widows, or indigent and impotent folk whom he ever entrapped with ingenuity, cleverness and artfulness. He had no sordid commerce with the technicalities of the law or the sophisms of Pettifoggers. He has broken no hearts,wrecked no homes, nor raised himself upon the debris of lost reputations and crashed ambitions. He is no bland and subtle schemer, ready and eager to play upon the folly and ignorance of the unsophisticated bucolics and innocent clientele. He has forged his way ahead and built up a lucrative practice through honesty, sincerity and assiduity in the discharge of his responsibilities and obligations.(kindly note the delicacy of the diction in 1910 Gold Coast and cf with Ghana's papers today)
And so I saw like millions of my compatriots the innards of the Supreme
Court. For most of our compatriots it was the first time on the historic 17th of April, 2013. At stake is the
presidency and the legitimacy of the one holding today the instruments of
ultimate state power. In times past in this our Republic bands of power thieves will conspire at night and
steal power in the morning. We all cowered because this stolen power was
propped by the shiny, treacherous bayoneted tips of guns. Today
"stolen" power could be challenged in a civilized, solemn, cerebral
way shorn of the barbarity of weapons.
The matte
wooden panels reflected the lights in the court room on April the seventeenth. Some of the key lawyers in the full glare of these lights in this case had gone to the school that Sarbah had helped to found with his own money: Mfantsipim. Messrs Tsikata and Addison are products of Sarbah's selfless and exemplary patriotism to the country of his birth. The motto of the school Dwin Hwe Kan(Think and look ahead) was the progeny of his mind. He might have been talking to the supreme court judges a century later who will decide the case and all of us bona fide citizens of this our most beloved Republic. We wait.
Monday, 25 March 2013
DISPATCHES FROM NAIROBI-MOSHA(1 in Swahili)
| Chineke himself might not have gotten over Achebe's work |
Nairobi has its verve; its energy and flow. One has to be sentient enough to feel it. This is the East of Africa. Coming form the West of Africa my mind has always tried to understand this city I have now visited at least close to a dozen times. The Kenyatta Airport always seems to exude some confounding serenity. I do not know if I must ascribe it to the times I get into that city: mostly dawns. But I get the feeling when I use the airport at other times.
As the city parts its lips as the car throbs in the driving has my heart in my ears: Nairobi driving is a course in derring-do. These streets took the life of my compatriot and sublime cartoonist Frank Odoi http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17828605.
I know you caricaturing away with your deft pencil. And the weather. The soothing very cool winds that I encountered have a pampering effect. One remembers Accra's searing heat about which no one official outfit is giving us any explanations. Of course government has more pressing matters to explain like dough for a pilgrimage to Israel; bungled letterheads yada yada. Tweaaaaaaaa as my elders will say in Obosomase and Mampong Kontokyi.
I know you caricaturing away with your deft pencil. And the weather. The soothing very cool winds that I encountered have a pampering effect. One remembers Accra's searing heat about which no one official outfit is giving us any explanations. Of course government has more pressing matters to explain like dough for a pilgrimage to Israel; bungled letterheads yada yada. Tweaaaaaaaa as my elders will say in Obosomase and Mampong Kontokyi.
Nairobi's streets do not glitter that much from automobiles' shiny bodies like Accra's. Accra is the car lover's blinding paradise. I mean I saw Toyota Corolla models that you will struggle to find in Accra's scrap dumps. And then the right hand drive has a way of jarring my West African left hand drive orientation. The matatus(trotros) are a sight; pock marked with very well made grafitti and heaving with music at high volumes and crammed with bodies. The Kenyan authorities could do well like Accra's with a better public transport system I guess. Who cares? Signs of the elections are everywhere; posters haggard from the elements peer from the battered walls. As the election petition at the highest court takes on a life of its own and captures the attention of Kenyans life goes on. I like that. The laughter is there; the frank banter; the politeness and also the despair over a very beautiful country that can go very far. I mean Kibaki was given a tractor and very well bred cows by the army as his farewell gift; Madam Kibaki got a dinner set that needed almost a unit of soldiers to carry(I watched the newsreel on Kenyan Television). My Kenyan colleague called it ridiculous: the poverty is vivid on Nairobi's streets as the poor huddle about in over-sized wind breakers and literally prowl the streets.Somehow I feel there is some 1960ish order in Nairobi as the city mutates under the sway of cranes. And on their TV I think they leave Ghana's in the shadows. The quality of their anchors; the studio setting; the quality of the stories; the pace; the energy; the alertness and consciousness(the Kenyan and African perspective is in evidence). If Ghana Television generally(with the exception of say VIASAT 1) is lard Kenyan TV is boiling soup!!!!! And the newspapers keep my attention: I mean I find it difficult throwing them away after a thumping read.
And then Achebe(the Kenyan Daily Nation's cartoonist eulogises him in the drawing above) passed. For three days(and still counting) the tributes have poured in. The Kenyan establishment has had its go through Odinga's piece which appeared in the Daily Nation. Kenya's literary scholars have offered perspectives of Achebe's value to the African and global cannon. I have not been drawn to Achebe like other African bards like Ayi Kwei Armah. But I should return to him given the accounts I have read. In the way in which Achebe has been hailed I reckon Senghor will roll in his grave over his infamous: reason is Greek,emotion is Negro. In the maw of materialism's onslaught in Africa Achebe in death has shown that this continent has ALWAYS been the home of great thought. I pause but only in suspended animation like the Eneke bird because "men have learned to shoot without missing their mark and I have learned to fly without perching on a twig."Thank you Achebe!!!!
Wednesday, 2 January 2013
Monday, 24 December 2012
Amoah Call for Chapter Details
I am editing a book due for publication in 2014. For those interested in contributing chapters click the link below. Submitted chapters will go through a rigorous double blind peer review. You can please contact me for any further details.
IGI Global: Call for Chapter Details
IGI Global: Call for Chapter Details
Thursday, 20 December 2012
DUBAI
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| The inimitable Malcolm X with Alex Harley(Credit-Facebook) |
This is certainly my last blog for the year 2012. What a year it has been. In my personal, family and professional life the year has been about learning, persisting and growing. The Ananse story about the palm nut and the hole in the ground has held so much meaning for me. Ananse the great eternal anti-hero and thinker(I thank my very senior friend Nana Nketsia V of Essikado for teaching me the deeper meaning of Kwaku Ananse and the enduring tales span centuries ago about him) was as usual caught up in a drama where the entire village was threatened by famine. He chances upon this hole with strict rules about how many palm nuts to put in the ground to allow access to a bounty of food. Ananse defies the rules in the interest of greed and loses a great chance to cure his hunger and that of his family. The story is about temperance, patience and fortitude. One cannot always force things in life. Sometimes things fall at your feet without you trying. The Orientals call it Tao, the Way( Christianity in its earliest manifestation was also called the Way...well, well, well) . In a year in which my thirties draw to an end I learnt the ying and yang of effort and effortlessness.
| Cranes hug the Dubai skyline(03.09.2005) |
I met him at the car wash. I wondered why he wore shorts at all if his prime agenda was to expose all of his boxers and his butts. His mimicked Beckham's hair cut(displayed at his ill fated last world cup). He was energetic and enterprising, full of zest and life. He gave my jalopy a nice shine. We got talking. I have always been interested in all sorts. His name was Dubai. He wanted to go to Dubai and bring stuff back to Ghana to sell. He obviously had heard the tales carried by those restless Ghanaian business men and women who hustled their way across the world to their self engineered prosperity. Dubai loved the Sarkodie blaring away in my car. He was a budding rapper he intoned. He was looking for a producer. He delivered some punchlines to me. Later on Dubai intimated that he was a factory hand too on the Spintex Road on that Lebanese Enclave Stretch. The next time I saw Dubai he was selling an assortment of shoes on the pavement in Sakumono. Dude had taken a portion of the street. I have given up trying to keep this neighbourhood a residential area. Soon it will be an ugly slum with all its open spaces taken over by citizens trying to make a living in a stiflingly unresponsive environment while the MPs and party general secretaries and presidential staffers move to and fro in their "toys". And they say we are lazy; a dubious narrative that even some serious scholars believe in. Unless policy formation touches the little man and woman its a farce routinized in winding speeches, sod cutting ceremonies and reels of texts and figures.
What next for Dubai??????????? Happy hols to Dubai and to us all!!!
Saturday, 20 October 2012
To a Great and Rare Teacher-Mr. Aidoo
I
remember like it was just yesterday when he breezed into the classroom-Class
6S, Morning Star School, Cantonments, Accra. It was the Accra of the 1980s.
That young flight-lieutenant who had taken state power by force of arms was in
full flight and in control of the Republic of Ghana. Those were really hard
times of curfews, excruciating shortage of what was labeled rather ominously
and tastelessly ‘essential commodities’ and fabrics for our school
uniform(white shirts over khaki shorts). What struck me was his almost Afro-style
hair and his Fu-Manchu that snaked into a fairly shaggy but tended beard. Under
his lower lip was this collection of hair as well that tended to jut out on an
account of his almost impulsive habit( as we came to discover) of pulling at
them in anger(he tended to display when rubbed wrongly a fiery temper) or happiness. Mr Aidoo had intelligent very aware eyes and framed
by his facial hirsuteness he had the air of an intellectual about him.
Mr.
Aidoo taught us for a while in Class 6S and then moved on to Class 7 H(my year held that distinct record). This
implied that he prepared us for the crucial Common Entrance Examinations held
countrywide to determine the future of youngsters. If you did well on that exam
your chances( there was no guarantee given an admission process marked by favouritism
and shady backroom dealings which even we as youngsters came to know as “backdoor
connection!”) of getting to an elite secondary school were high. Otherwise you
made do with the supposedly second and third league schools. The brutality of
this pecking order produced a psychological dead weight with its attendant
strains and stresses on our young minds. It was an intense race to the best schools the
Republic had on offer and we would discuss this under those Nim trees sitting
on those rocks having lunch or snacks. On hindsight I think it was all
unnecessary; probably over estimated and hyped. My father Yaw Adjei is probably
right: every man or woman is the architect of his or her own destiny. A great
secondary school might help but it provides no guarantee and might sometimes
even provide a false sense of “everything stitched up without hardwork” with
devastating future consequences. I have seen too many of such very sad examples
thus far.
Mr Aidoo recognized this struggle we faced and
gave his all. My mathematical skills improved vastly under his feet. He made us
think methodically and in an orderly fashion as he walked us through those
quantitative puzzles and math problems. He had a sharp tongue when you slipped
up unnecessarily and it helped(even though some of my mates balked at it all).
Those mathematical skills and tricks he taught us have stayed with me to this
day as I write an ode to a true Ghanaian hero. For me this speaks to the
question of basic education and the quality and access for the masses of our
Republic. For upon the way our very young minds are nurtured very early depends
not just the development of this our Republic but crucially her SURVIVAL. That
is why I find the debates or rather shouting matches on basic education and
socializing and universalizing it desiccating. This is a matter we as society MUST
find answers to or forget about our place in the sun on this globe. If we do
not have the money we NEED to find it; it is that simple beyond the tardy
esotericism, plain disingenuousness and pettily cheap ideological points
scoring that has attended it all. On this matter we should not be PARALYSED by
analysis but be INSPIRED by it: crossing the river by feeling the stones.
Where
would I have been without this gentleman? He had such great facility for the
English language and from his vast store of vocabulary some of us feasted to
the point of satiation. But more importantly he shared with us what our future
was going to look like. He will teach us simple equations and then indicate
that as we went forward those same equations will take on a certain
sophistication reflective of a higher stage of learning. He shared with us his experiences
in his Teacher Training College. He seemed particularly enamored of the motto
of Adisadel College: either the best or with the best. It became the unofficial
motto as we stomped away to face the final exams. His social consciousness was
deep. In a Morning Star School that was itself somewhat cloistered and sniffy he
will lay it down as he deemed fit. Some of our school mates were spoilt arrogant
pompous brats and he will take them on without batting an eye lid. I loved him
for that. I think Mr. Aidoo could have expanded his professional horizons given his formidable mind. This brings me to opportunities for teachers especially at the basic level. This can occur only through deliberately targeted policy that is alive to this matter. Ghana needs some of her best minds at this level not only in the banks and other corporate enclaves as seems to be the case.
In a serious country Mr. Aidoo would have his place among the stars
for the generations of pupils he moulded. It was under him that a dude like
Ransford Brenya was formed. Ransford went to the University of Ghana Medical
School and on graduation virtually won every prize on offer. Mr. Aidoo nurtured
bankers, lawyers, economists, business people, artists, teachers and other
professionals who are making a difference in Ghana and the wider world. Our
nation never remembers such greats as it remains beholden to shysters and punks
upon whom we shower and waste our resources and veneration. Some of us refuse
to go down that wretched road and so I remember you and sincerely. And I am
deeply grateful for all the hours you spent teaching in rain or blazing
sunshine so I too could become at the very worst a useful thinking citizen.
There will be no national flag draping your coffin nor a cortege drawing your
remains nor a 22 gun salute nor screaming bill boards with syrupy infantile inscriptions.
But the truth is that you were infinitely greater than so many of your country
men and women including so many of our past presidents. Sleep well Sir!!!!!!
Monday, 24 September 2012
Two books!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Two books I just bought. Chomsky is my prototype of a public intellectual: engaging, witty, tireless....I thank my professor Dr. Martin Odei-Ajei for exposing him to us in our undergrad years!!! And I love the ringside report of the key policies that constructed China's "miracle" from one of the key architects Li Lanqing!!!!
Thursday, 13 September 2012
Of Dopamine and pudendum!!!!
Naomi Wolf's latest work on the female pudenda is as provocative as it is informative and downright bold and even intellectual. I am struck by the mysteries of dopamine and its inspiration for the Nirvana induced states(albeit momentary) for the fairer sex during coitus. The Economist of 8th-14th of September, 2012 has an interesting snap take on the book on p.68 and the Guardian weighs in as well with a rather longish piece http://www.guardian.co.uk/ books/2012/sep/07/vagina-new- biography-naomi-wolf-review
Ghana's women's Manifesto is back in the news and Ghanaian men and male dominated political space needs all the info germane for more sensitivity and ACTION than has been expressed :)!!!
One for the weekend(hopefully of less blackouts :()
Friday, 27 July 2012
The Commander-in-Chief passes in Harness: Reflections on the Mills Presidency
Ring the
alarum-bell!—Blow, wind! Come, wrack! At least we’ll die with harness on our
back.
- Macbeth Act 5, Scene 5, Page 3
| The former Commander-in-Chief at work |
In medieval Ghana history the imagery will be one in
which the Ɔhene(loosely translated as king/chief) fully clad in his very potent
batakari
kese(smock) festooned surfeitly with magical powers emitting and inducing sɛbɛ(amulets) leading the charge of the Adonten(the
main fighting force of the Akan military infrastructure; Aboagye,2010,p.219) in
an important frontline maneuver is
mortally wounded. The Ankobeahene(head of the king’s own special guard division),
Gyasehene( head of the king’s administrative division) and the Kyidomhene(head
of the rearguard divison) confer in the heat of battle in a fortified lush green
forest redoubt under the blazing African sun as the Ɔhene gasps, moans and then transitions. In the defense of his kingdom,
the Ɔman, the Ɔhene has died in harness; in active combat. The next most
important task will be committing the distinguished remains to Asaase Yaa(Mother
Earth) all the while reflecting on his stewardship and preparing the ground for
his successor. Odupon atutu(the
mighty tree has fallen): the wail will rise from the battlefield and reach the
most cloistered recesses of the kingdom on whose behalf the Ɔhene has fallen.
The modern state is pivoted on the tips of bayonets
and certainly begat it. That is why the Commander- in- Chief of the Ghana Armed
Forces is received every morning at the portals of the seat of government by a
police contingent bearing bayoneted guns for a rite that reinforces this
reality. In the event of war the president of the Republic of Ghana will be
called upon to provide the central strategic directions for ensuring that not
an inch of this territory(air, land and water) is ceded. Post 1948 the
launching of projectiles as the foremost mark of state policy has receded. But
another war-like contention has attended the policy function of the Commander-
in-Chief: development.
In the daily motions of confronting this question
the Republic of Ghana lost its foremost personality in this contest President
John Evans Fiifi Atta Mills on the 24th of July, 2012. The occurrence
is history making in the same way that Pres. Mills became part of the
presidency in Ghana’s Fourth Republic. Veep Arkaah was jettisoned by Jerry
Rawlings(the first time in the Fourth Republic) as he gunned for a second term
in 1996 after a very public and ignominious spat: in came Mills the genial,
overly self effacing academic who had morphed into a bureaucrat and then a
politician. Twelve long years later Mills was to return as president(the first
time a veep had achieved this in Ghana’s constitutional history) after a nail
biting election which the New Patriotic Party(NPP) had worked hard to lose.
The National Democratic Congress(NDC) 2008 campaign(which
Mills led aided by Rawlings) was pitched in moral terms pivoted tactically
around the genteel, taciturn, almost lily white angelic character of then candidate Mills. For an NPP
administration which seemed out of sorts(in its second term), languid and inordinately
focused on who was to replace Pres. Kufuor this strategy seemed to resonate
with the Ghanaian electorate. The NPP had of course not helped its cause with
seventeen candidates galloping at full throttle for its presidential candidate
race, the building of a presidential mansion which seemed ill-timed and an ill
advised display of pomposity, grandiosity(Kufuor’s self decoration was a
classic example), good living and wealth. In that event Mills' broad policy orientation
as a president came to be shaped by this moralizing, “I care for you”, caring
father and his children tendency. Ghana’s economic universe was to become the
foremost palette upon which this tendency was to be boldly sketched. For the
sake of his “children” President Mills decided to reduce the price of
petrol(which was a campaign promise). This decision was however rescinded in
the light undoubtedly of the turbulence and uncertainty of the global petroleum
industry. This turnaround however would seem to have dented or at least raised
questions about the commitment of his administration to a pro-poor, pro-people economic
agenda. To his credit other pro-poor, pro-people policies were pursued by his
administration especially the youth employment, school feeding (which the NPP
had started), free school uniform and school infrastructure( putting up buildings
aimed at making schools under trees history) programmes. In the main however
and in spite of Ghana’s oil sector emerging as a key part of the economy the
Mills economy was marked tellingly by a management focus. The usual targets
were macroeconomic indices: inflation, debt financing, interest rates and
exchange rate stability among others. One of the key corollaries of all this
was that the Mills economy struggled immensely with job creation(the figures
are still a matter of deep contestation) and thus has sputtered over cost of
living and standard of living questions. Matters have not been helped by a cedi
inching precariously towards a free fall and an overall wretched global
economy. In a sense then deeper questions regarding the restructuring of Ghana’s
economy (away from its primary commodity focus) have been shunted to his successors
(NDC or NPP).
In other crucial policy areas such as foreign
affairs, urban planning (slums are mushrooming and festering) and architecture,
transportation(especially commuter transport across the Republic), sanitation,
housing(the STX deal and the heaven high promises attending it and the fiasco
it has turned out to be is particularly sobering), the welfare of children, women, the physically-,mentally-
challenged and senior citizens one struggles to find a Mills master stroke.
Probably it is all about the limitation of the presidential system for a
developing polity expressed in the tenure underlying it: how much can a
president achieve in four years or at the upper limit eight years? This reality
should provide lessons for future presidents in the very crucial art and
science of prioritizing without which drift can set in disguised by the daily
routine of policy formation which creates a false sense of being on the ball.
One enduring feature of the Mills presidency was its
very open and forceful ecclesiastical bent. This was less so in the Kufuor
presidency and the Rawlings one. The former Commander-in-Chief was reportedly a
friend of T.B. Joshua, a popular Nigerian evangelist. President Mills regularly
presided over what has become known as National Prayer Sessions which involved key
personalities of the presidency and bureaucracy. His public discourses were
also profusely peppered by allusions to the Judeo-Christain God and his unrequited
benevolence. This bent was even to have policy consequences (albeit one off)
where the pouring of libation was banned at national events in a Republic that
has historically played up its African heritage. On a very personal and
philosophical level one need not fault Pres. Mills. It is not difficult to contemplate
however the effect of this very sacerdotal public display on the popular consciousness:
this side of heaven prayer and the invocation of God is the answer to every
problem. One would have wished he acted decisively on charlatan pastors and
priests and championed the need to define the parameters of the setting up and
operation of churches.
There also was this schizophrenia that marked the
Mills presidency and tended to have a jarring, discomfiting effect. Some of his
appointees of ministerial ranking became infamous for a pattern of indecorous
remarks passing off as communication for government. Historians of the Ghanaian
presidency in the Fourth Republic will be cerebrally hard-pressed matching the
cultivated affability and gentle persona of the president and the free rein
diatribes of some of his ministers. Probably lost on watchers of the Ghanaian
presidency is this: it takes a man of steel and some notable cunning to cavort
with Jerry Rawlings and bubble to the top of a party that has a very macho DNA.
And on Jerry Rawlings one wonders why Pres. Mills’ penchant for peace did not
allow him to patch up with his former boss in what has become a very public
parting of ways. Now this parting has been stretched to eternity and may yet
reflect the complexities, contradictions, strengths and weakness of a seemingly
simple man from Otuam in the Central Region of Ghana who became president of
our Republic.
Saturday, 14 July 2012
7 DAYS IN THE LIFE OF THE POWERFUL IN GHANA…..KILL-OUR-COUNTRY THEORY
Are we all condemned to be street
thugs?
-Tupac Amaru Shakur
I have not written on my blog in a while.
Sometimes it all seems pointless really when the old ugly order seems to simply
find a confounding nourishment that keeps it alive especially in Ghana. But the
writing itch has afflicted me again inspired by the class comedy act passing of
as governance in our Republic in the last few weeks of encircling judgement
debt in a headless country. I try to make some sense of it all below.
Sunday:
T is getting ready for church. T wears the faith on his sleeve. The faith is
like a billboard and church is simply part of the insidious network he thrives
on. It is a battle to choose which car to ride in to church as these
contraptions “smile” at him in the compound of his palace that sits in a
treeless, dusty, stinking neighbourhood. The sticker on the car he settles on
finally intones: “ MY YEAR OF BREAKTHROUGH-2012.” The gaunt, sickly houseboy
whose cheekbones leap at you from 1000km
away has made sure the cars sparkle(like Sarkodie’s champagne bottle in his
famous track where he is referred to as an eagle) in its $200,000.00 majesty.
And T likes his champagne which has triggered the cocktail of gout, diabetes,
high blood pressure and obesity. The admixture of perfumes(Klein, D&G et al)
make him cough as he prances into the car as his lily white garment sweeps the
floor. T is loving the gaping craters; his car is made for them. In fact he
thanks his God for them. He is getting late. He turns on the siren and goes
into the incoming lane as of right endangering everyone including himself:
smart dude!!!! T loves the prosperity sermon through which he slept three-quarters
of the time and dreamt of the deals on the morrow. In fact he was waiting for
collection time to afflict nostrils with his perfume and show off his agbada
and his wealth. It is a show!!!!
Monday: T
pushes towards his office at top speed. He does not see the children who are
waiting for tro-tros at 5:00 am nor the decaying city in which he exercises his
power and displays his wealth. His Legon and Harvard certificates hit you when
you enter his office. A crowd is waiting for him. He breezes in without even saying
hi to these indigent poor who have come to waste his time. The man says he has
not been paid for two years. T says they are working on it. The senior citizen
says his pension is not regular. T says they are working on it. Idiots he says
to himself. “ Secretary!!!!! I am done. Tell the rest to come in two weeks.” I
am waiting for the World Bank and European Union guys!” He turns on the TV(100
inches plasma screen cavorting on the wall like a nubile lass) and sure enough
the “idiots” are pleading for what is surely their God-given right. “ Nsuo nba.
Kwan no nye. Yesre aban se…….(The water flows not. The road is impassable. We
beg government…..). His partners in crime flow in and out of his office. They
hatch and plot. They know how the system works and work it while we SLEEP. When
the foreigners come to see him his smile is so wide and the obsequiousness so
palpable it irritates them. At lunch T consumes as if he is ten men rolled into
one. He scrapes the platter clean and washes it all down with some choice
liquor that will make the ice-water seller faint if she knew the price. He belches.
For a moment T thinks it is a fart. Night beckons: it was a good day. Several
thousands of Ghana’s dollars(not cedis; the cedi is worse than trash for him)
will pour into his account for work done: selling his country down the choppy river.
Time to get some flesh: who cares about the wedding ring. Sure enough the trade
in flesh is flourishing in Accra(even in the most leafy neighbourhoods) as the
society T and his barons have created implodes on itself. In a dimly lit city
he rides through town with his lights at full beam: we all idiots so far as he
is concerned. At a rendezvous he meets with his political party friends to plot
all the lies they will spin as truths. Late at night he returns home and not
before the policeman has waved him on at the barrier and stamped his feet so hard
in salute he can barely stand thereafter.
Tuesday:
Another day. T is all over the airwaves. Party C(not his party) is responsible for the
judgement debt he bellows. All of us Ghanaians are responsible for the
judgement debts. “We must plug the loopholes in the system and move forward.” T
is at pains to apportion collective guilt so no one will be punished. His tone
is one of mockery and entitlement. He considers his fellow compatriots morons
in the arguments he makes the logic of which is so pedestrian a toddler can
demolish it. But T knows he can get away with it: the talkshow host is in his
pocket. He had given him a cool $5000.00 yester night. He will not ask the
tough questions. It is all a game in town: the team players know themselves. It is night again: more flesh. Today a threesome will do. Some flavor is in order for
such a great easy life.
Wednesday: Mission
abroad calls. Kotoka VVIP lounge. T is as always lapping it. Who cares about
the toilets out there in other parts of the airport that reek? Who cares about
the general apology of an airport for a Republic that was the first to attain
independence? T zips through Frankfurt, Milan, London, Zurich, Paris and
Amsterdam. First class. “I deserve this…I am special..”; he quips to himself.
His countrymen and women deserve the rickety, death dealing tro-tros on roads
fit for camels(which he rides on as well). He sees these cities but T is in
fact blind. His photochromic lenses housed in Rayban frames cannot help him.
He cannot see. Period!!! He espies a bookshop. “Reading my foot” he muses to
himself. T gets to the confab late. He snores away half of the time. In fact
the red light district is uppermost on his mind. Some Caucasian flesh will do.
Amma the wife is boring nowadays. The Kataphoton company know his weakness.
They ply him with drink and more drink and food and more food. The agreement
signing proper takes place early in the morning. Deliberately positioned
there by his hosts. T cannot wake up and when he does he is still in stupor as
he signs for the Republic of Ghana. The contract is about supplying luxury four
wheel drives to districts which do not even have roads!!!! The fine details do
not matter for T. His Parker pen must be used anyway and he is assured of a few
of these cars.
Thursday:
Regional tour beckons. Fresh from abroad T heads to the villages. The people are
happy to see him. He pretends to be happy too out of necessity. His speech is
in English which he delivers to a people he has ensured cannot understand. You
wonder who he is speaking to. Himself and his fellow barons and their
paymasters abroad of course. He braves the wretched roads with four wheel drives. The
people brave the God forsaken roads with their feet and hands. He cuts the sod
for yet another road project in the maw of thirty more that have taken a
century to get off the ground. It is a game. T knows it. The people do not it
seems.
Friday :
Thank God it is Friday. Time to blow to some dough. “ Secretary tell them
to come next week. Don’t they know its Friday. Next week, next week….aaaaaaaaaaaaaa……these
people are pests ooooooo….” A trip is
planned for Dubai with the new catch(her dropping jeans trousers which revealed
the cheeks of her butts blew T away in their first encounter). The sheik who
wants a stake in the Jubilee fields will pay for this. T needs a pretext. “
Amma the president has asked me to go to Dubai for some negotiations….” Done
deal in the name of Ghana. Friday and Saturday is play time for a man who is
still essentially a boy entrusted with the fate of a country.
Monday, 30 April 2012
A “Planet” in Ghana
| Kwame strikes a Ben 10 mania pose! |
Children
dabble in flights of fantasy which tend to change with the speed of light. For
my son Kwame his newest craze is outer space triggered by Ben 10 and unmistakably The
Adventures of Tintin in Destination Moon.
I must add that these Tintin comics are a tad too expensive in Accra but I
digress. Last weekend after this industrial existence got in the way so many
uncomfortable times Kwame and I got to visit Ghana and I am told West Africa’s
only “planet” on earth.
| Visitors at the Ghana Planetarium ready to stargaze. |
To
be exact this “planet” is in reality what is properly called a planetarium. At
its spatial locus in Cantonments this learning centre looks like an igloo from
the outside given its very oval pate and lily white hue. You understand the
nature of the roof once you get inside. The innards of this planetarium are
essentially wired to trigger curiosity about this our universe. Posters of the
various stars and planets stare down from the walls and the dome serves as a
giant screen where simulations of the pitch dark night sky dotted with
planetary bodies appear and educational movies on astronomy, the space industry
and all things galactic are shown. As I expected Kwame was blown away; I could
imagine his mental universe stretched a quadrizillion times; his imagination
animated and fired up. For days the ears of abusuafo(the
clan) have known no peace from this encounter. For myself as an adult it was
both a learning and reflection experience.
Long before Allotey and Hawkings the Dogons of Mali knew that sigi tolo (Sirius in English) is the
brightest star and had appropriated their advanced astronomical knowledge for
social organization. Our own fisher folk at Chorkor, Apam and elsewhere utilize
their esoteric knowledge of the movement of the stars to navigate the vast
watery expanses of the oceans. I have pondered this infinite expanse beyond
this earth where water glides away(you simply cannot fetch water in space) and
where the human body is prone to muscular and bone atrophy. Today nations are
staking territorial claims in this void with Chinese taikonauts making the
latest bid. In the space race is locked the eternal power question: has Africa
lost out(too many if not all of the stars have European/Western names; naming
power huh!) ? This is my strategic mind wondering.
Dr.
Ashong and his team at the Ghana Planetarium have shown great courage and
determination in pushing this project forward to allow Ghana’s children to
DREAM. How I wish more funding will pour in especially from government(and hopefully corporate Ghana without their buntings,logos and other advertising frills taking over) to make
this “planet” grander and reflective of its national and West African
pretensions. I dream of lush greens; oriental ponds; exquisite landscaping;
rolling trees; a larger planetarium that can seat at least 2000 children(from
all over Ghana) and their parents and all that will trigger meditation and
inspiration on the infinite powers of the human mind and the inventiveness and
courage of the human spirit.
Tuesday, 24 April 2012
WHILE WE DISPENSED THE FROTH…….
The
week gone by will go down as one of this our Fourth Republic’s most paroxysmic,
comical, farcical and emboldening too. In
a near manic outburst a legislator had in essence raised worrying questions
about the ongoing biometric registration in the Odododiodio constituency which
was by his lights turning into some ethnic accounting system: if you fell into
the appropriate column you could register. Unwisely our legislator urged
retaliation. Irked the state initially invited the legislator and then
proceeded to arrest this unarmed citizen with a blatant display of force and
power as crass as the raw emotion with which the initial alarm was raised. Then
the grand farce began in which our institutions of state displayed so publicly
and tastelessly their putrid underbelly. Just laying the charge was dramatized
and involved location theatrics marked by a sudden change in the choice of
court. And then with blinding speed the charges swung crudely from treason to
terrorism to genocide. In one fell swoop the legislator had taken on the lives
of Jerry Rawlings, Osama Bin Laden and Slobodan Milosevic. And all this for an
irate command that no intelligent citizen obeyed. An accidental hero is
subsequently made in the full glare of national and international publicity in
the facebook age. An ashen faced state recoils leaving its defense to febrile
assigns whose perverted logic will shame Lucifer himself.
While
we dispensed the froth freely the students of my Leadership Class in Ashesi
University presented their end of semester projects. The students trawled
through communities ranging from Nima, Osu, Mamprobi, Berekuso right up to Goi
in the Volta Region trying to give back to their compatriots. Their remit was
to identify some challenge in these communities and respond to them in a
creative, sustained and engaged way. Our students among other things taught
adult literacy classes; built a website for a budding theatre group in Nima;
organized a book fair; built bookshelves for the primary school in Berekuso and
acquired malaria testing kit for an ante-natal clinic which did not have one
and raised millions of cedis in the process. The comments from the students
were heartwarming. One struck me: their projects had taught them that Ghana’s
problems were theirs and that in their actions they were in reality helping
themselves. And this from nineteen year olds without the power to order tanks
unto the streets or hot water cannons to spew their lethality. One would have
thought that these are the dire social problems that our State will train its
maximum efforts on and not the exercise of free speech that had crossed bounds
of decency and reasonableness.
Truth
also is that after the legislator’s comments our peoples went about their
normal lives. No one was asked about his or her hometown before seeing the
doctor or entering my class. In order words Ghanaians can differentiate a bark
from a bite. At this point however cool heads must prevail across divides and
the opportunity has been offered for some serious policy work on arresting the
coarsening of our public discourse and indeed the abuse of our media space. For
me that is the deeper lesson after the dust has been cleaned from the armoured
car that carried the legislator.
Tuesday, 10 April 2012
POLICY/ECONOMIC HITMEN AND WOMEN
A few quotes:
" The fact was that I had never thought of myself as a bona fide economist.I had graduated with a bachelor of science in business administration from Boston University with emphasis on marketing. I had always been lousy in mathematics and statistics(Perkins,2005:137)."
" My status as chief economist.....could not be attributed to my capabilities in either economics or planning(Perkins,2005:137).
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